Process Analysis Essay on Fuel Prices Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Process Analysis on Fuel Prices - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, my third establish desire to convince the earreach to support my view of increasing go off prices to curb global warming. I did this by specifically demonstrating the benefits of increasing fuel prices in America. Actually, to relevantly address different audiences, motley the social function of the paper, change the message of the second essay, and remain in the right context, these adjustments were necessary. Such adjustments include a change in my introduction on my second essay, diction, and style of written material (Trinity College of the Bible Web). The adjustments, therefore, enabled me to address a different audience, convey a different message, alter the context, and change the purpose of the paper. The adjustments reflected my rhetorical choices in my writing process. As a result, my writing was effective in informing and convincing my audience to support the increase in fuel prices for purposes of co ntrolling global warming because of increased fuel emissions. This paper details the reflection on my writing process and rhetorical analysis on my writing process from the controversy essay to public argument essay on increasing the fuel prices in America. Indeed, I was able to change the vision of my audience from a controversial point of view to a convincing position on the need to support the increase in fuel prices as a measure to control global warming. ...I equally used facts and background information to appeal to the academic audience in the introduction of the second essay. Nevertheless, to address a different audience that may not be that learned, it was necessary to change the introduction. After drawing the extent of the problem and the need for communal involvement, it was easy to change the vision of my audience by proposing my solution. However, I changed the introduction of the third essay by stating unconditionally the existence and adversity of global warming in t he forward-looking world to appeal to the different audience. Indeed, I the introduction I addressed the audience directly through an open letter and giving them real examples alike(p) occupation jams, lateness to school or work, and power of purchasing foodstuffs in relation to increased fuel prices (Kelvin Web). This clearly identified with the audience and set the footing for the attached essay. Indeed, I used the second essay to encourage the audience to reason with me as I equally identified with the controversies to the issue. Additionally, after drawing them from a broad view to a narrow view of the problem, I changed my writing style by addressing them through an open letter. This brought their attention to my assertion and the relevant examples on traffic snarls, lateness to school or work, changes in purchasing frequency appealed the different audience and thus the effectiveness of my writing. Hence, the introduction of the open letter strategy in essay 3 was to convi nce the different audience on the need for increased fuel prices. Indeed, it personalized the issue and thus the follow-up to my claim.

African Americans Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

African Americans - Thesis ExampleThe buckle down trade was a legal practice in America from the early days of colonialism. By 1877, therefore, a considerable number of Africans had settled in the get together States as a result of the slave trade. The blacks who established themselves in the United States by the end of the slave trade intermarried and gave rise to the African Americas. The second evidential event within this given timeframe was the world war. In both world wars that ended in 1945, Africans play a central role in the battle for supremacy between nations. African soldiers were trained and deported on battlefields to defend the United States. The world wars were a significant turn of events as many Africans in America died, and those who survived remained with permanent physical and emotional scars.Between 1945 to present, events that took place in African history in the United States included the great second migration. Although it started in 1941, it was a signifi cant all through 1945 to 1970. Africans moved into states like California, where job opportunities were being offered in the defense industry. This causal agent was in search of employment opportunities and better living conditions. The second event that took place in the United States was the Urban Settlement, where most Africans settled in major(ip) cities and towns in the United

Managerial cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managerial comprise - Essay ExampleUnder Average cost method, an average out cost is calculated for all units, and this average cost is charge to all the units remaining in ending inventory and cost of sales for units sold. To determine average cost, divide the complete number of units available for sale into the total purchase cost for the period of time nether examination.(James o Gill, Moria Chatton, page 46)2 For a company using periodic inventory system, the method is referred to weighted average and where a perpetual inventory system is in use, this method is called moving average method. As costs are averaged out before applying to ending inventory, the actual costs under inflation is not very near to market prices but a lower than that because of the effect of earlier purchases in averaging out.LIFO center last in first out and under this method the prices at which merchandise was most recently purchased are used to determine the quantitys charged to cost of goods sold . LIFO assumes that goods are all the same and interchangeable.(Peter J Eisen, page 322)3 Ending inventory is valued using the prices associated with the units acquired the earliest. As a result, cost of goods sold computed under LIFO most closely approximate current cost. During inflation LIFO will result in lowest value for ending inventory and highest amount of goods sold and the lowest amount gross profits and net income.The person requesting the goods p

Explain Christian views on suicide Essay Example for Free

Explain Christian views on felo-de-se EssayIn a broad backbone suicide can be defined as, the act of intentionally terminus your life. However, there be many different types of suicide. Durkheim identified four kinds egoistic suicide, which is the egress of feeling ones life is meaningless altruistic suicide, the act of giving ones life for the greater good anomic suicide, the impart of a major social change that disrupts a persons sense of order and fatalistic suicide, the results of excessive regulation, when ones future is unmercifully blocked by oppressive discipline, such as in a prison or dictatorship. Christians believe that all life is sacred, and therefore the vast legal age of denominations are against all underframes of suicide. In examining the reasons behind this, a good place to start is the Christian teaching on the sacredness of human life.Christians believe in the holiness of life, meaning that all human life is created in perfections image and has intr insic worth. The Decalogue teaches, Do not kill. This includes killing oneself. Elsewhere in the doddery Testament, Ecclesiastes 717 states, Be not over much wicked, neither be you foolish why should you die before your time? Prematurely ending your life prevents the believer from serving God to his full potential. This idea is backed up in the New Testament, where the Apostle Paul writes in 1 Corinthians 316, deal you not that you are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwells in you? Christians reject the idea of total bodily autonomy, meaning that they do not believe we gift the right to do whatever we want with our bodies. The Bible suggests that our bodies are not our knowledge, but Gods, and therefore we do not have the right to demean them.Historical church fathers have held consistently controvert views on suicide. Augustine was one of the first to publically speak out against it. He opposed it because we have a duty of selfcare arising from natural inclinat ion and we have a debt of love that we owe to others. In The City of God he wrote, certainly he who kills himself is a homicide, and so much guiltier of his own death, as he was more innocent of that offence for which he doomed himself to die.To take ones own life into ones hands and act precipitously by committing suicide is to look away from God (a final and definitive refusal of trust in God and a denial of trust in his providence, by the very nature of the act itself excluding any subsequent repentance/penance).Furthermore, Aquinas was also against suicide. In Summa Theologica he set forth three reasons why suicide is immoral. Firstly, it is contrary to natural law. Secondly, suicide does injury to the common good because the persons company will suffer. Thirdly, it is a sin against God because life is Gods gift to man. For it belongs to God alone to pronounce sentence of death and life, according to Deuteronomy 3239, I will kill and I will make to live.However, there is one f orm of suicide that some Christians would accept, and that is altruistic suicide in the form of martyrdom or self-sacrifice. Jesus taught that, Greater love has no-one than this, that he lay down his life for his friends. For example, in Judges Samson brings down a temple killing both himself and the Philistines. Augustine said that suicide was rooted in pride and lack of charity, whereas martyrdom is commendable and for the good of others.The different Christian denominations are primarily unified when it comes to views on suicide. In the Roman Catholic Church it is regarded as a mortal sin, and the Catechism asserts, Everyone is responsible for his life before God who has given it to him. It is God who remains the sovereign Master of life.The Presbyterian Church would hold a similar view, as the Westminster Confession reads, The sins forbidden in the sixth commandment are, all victorious away the life of ourselves, or of others, except in the case of public justice, lawful war, or necessary defence. Even though they clearly teach that suicide is a sin, it is not an unpardonable sin. Salvation is by grace alone and if one is truly saved, nothing (not even suicide) can separate them from Jesus. The United Wesleyan Church believes that suicide is not the way life should end, but would be hesitant to label it a sin. Therefore, they denounce the condemnation of people who commit suicide, and do not believe surviving family should be stigmatised.Modern psychology has impacted the Christian view of suicide. In the past Christians were guilty of separating sensible and mental unwellness and although they were in support of treatment for physical ailments, they were wary of psychiatric treatment. Even today some fundamentalist churches would see illnesses such as depression as purely spiritual afflictions. In the wake of high profile suicides such as Rick Warrens son Matthew, most leaders are encouraging the Church to acknowledge that matters of depression and su icide are medical in nature and should be addressed no differently than other physical illnesses. They imply that to do otherwise promotes stigma, shame and restricts the believers access to appropriate care.Another reason why Christians are against suicide is the profound negative effect it can have on other people.Suicide does not just harm the person who dies, it is a form of bereavement even more devastating than usual because the family will forever agonise over what led the person to take their life, and if they could have prevented it. This is especially so if the family discover the body or witness the suicide. Suicide can damage close communities such as schools and churches. Wyatt said that, suicide can have devastating effects on others. In fact, it can be one of the most selfish and destructive acts anyone can perform.

Avoiding Groupthink Essay Example for Free

Avoiding Group stand for EssayThe case study we are addressing this week involves how a assemblage and get word Manager avoid Groupthink and its pitfalls. In tramp to understand what concourse think is you have to refer to Irving Janus who coined the phrase back in 1972. He related that Group Think is when a class makes a decision based on group pressure it can lead to faulty decisions. Janus, 1972) Some of the symptoms that Irving Janus documented of group think are Illusion of invulnerability, corporate rationalization, Belief in inherent morality, Stereotyped views of out-groups, Direct pressure on dissenters, Self-censorship, Illusion of unanimity, and Self-appointed mind guards. (Janus, 1972) In our book, Making the Team A doorkeeper for Managers states that there are three (3) key symptoms that take root and they are Over Estimation of the Group, Closed Mindedness and Pressure towards Uniformity. These will be the 3 areas I am going to focus on.Over Estimation of t he Group Now that we know what group think is we can move on to how a team and Project Manager might avoid the mistakes and downfalls of Group Think situations. (Thompson, 2008) When a team is falling into a group think methodology a Project Manager must be able to recognize the signs before any decisions are made and set in motion. If the group is do statements that start with we feel, we think, or we suspect it is a good indicator that they just dont know or are just following along with the consensus of the group.Group think can cause problems when everyone goes with the flow especially on a wrong decision. In using group think methodology management has to weigh the pros and cons of the groups decision from all sides. Sometimes a little more research prior to implementing a group think decisions should be done or a devils advocate should be assigned into the group think matrix in order to prevent team members from being take down a garden path.The one thing I have noticed when in a group think situation, the group always looks for mortal to be the mouthpiece for the group, this person usually has strong leadership skills but can be short sited and very opinionated which rubs off on the group as a whole. Some team members tend to have difficulty explaining or relating what is on their mind in a group setting, they rather regularize their ideas one on one because they are an introvert by nature They would rather have the extrovert take charge and be the one who voices the opinions or decisions of the group. They tend to stay out of the lime light.Project Managers should encourage team members to bring out concerns or objections to issues that are being discussed and/or considered, he/she should not influence the team with his or her own preferences to the issue, he/she should play the devils advocate and guide conflict in a positive manner, the group should be allowed to be evaluated by other groups and critiqued in an unbiased manner, splitting the grou p into different sub groups to bring out and investigate different election solutions or methods that could be used, call meetings with the group to discuss and evaluate any decisions prior to instituting them and develop alternatives for each methodology prior to giving final approvals. (Thompson, 2008)A good Project Manager should keep his group focused on the project at hand, have weekly meetings to check progress of his team to operate that discussions are being conducted that is giving the group the necessary conflict for them to evaluate potential risks and dangers involved with the decisions they are recommending. The Project Manager should make the team awake that they can bring up ideas or doubts about any issue without the fear of being ridiculed or rejected by other team members. The last-ditch goal is for the Project Manager to make his team work as a team through having all members contributing their knowledge and skills in making the project a success.

Swot South Beauty Essay Example for Free

Swot southbound witness EssayA SWOT Analysis is a dick that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. This basic, straightforward model assesses what an organization can and cannot do as well as its potential opportunities and threats. The method of the SWOT analysis is to take the information from an environmental analysis and separate it into internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats). Once it is completed, SWOT analysis de nameines what may assist the firm in accomplishing its objectives, and what obstacles must be overcome or minimized to achieve the desired results. Strengths * Brand Strategy and positioning. The Groups blemishing strategy focuses on brand differentiation to cater a wide range of customers. The newest brand of the group, SUBU focuses on innovative healthy solid fodder for younger and more fashionable office workers, the LAN Club is the luxury brand that targets the upper -class dining segment of successful businesspeople sr. over 45 years, and southern dish antenna, the Groups flagship brand that targets upper-middle class segment of businesspeople aged from 30 to 45 years. No competitor in the Chinese restaurant market has such brand format.Almost all of them operate their single brands without tidy brand positioning so their brand insure is quite inferior to the Groups. * Consistent brand identities. The company has built consistent brand identities by launching around outdoor and print advertisement. The company in addition explore cooperation with certain international airlines, including Air France and KLM Royal Dutch airlines, to provide business travelers move between China and Europe with South Beauty-branded Chinese dishes. * Innovation. The company is regarded as an innovative company, with 55 percent annual growth.The South Beauty restaurant to a fault introduced several innovations and improvements with regard to traditional Sich uan food, not lonesome(prenominal) in terms of new raw materials, but also the process of preparing the dishes and the customer experience. The Group veritable a range of innovations with regard to Sichuan cuisine but also added certain Cantonese cuisine and other flavors to its menu. One of the groups biggest and most ambitious innovations is the conspiracy of Chinese and Western cuisine that breaks with tradition and creates original new flavors.It is the first Chinese restaurant to offer Chinese food in a occidental style, and the first to mix food presentation with artistic views. * Differentiation in cuisine. Some of the factors that beget the Groups cuisine different from others are the strict requirements placed on raw ingredients, the innovation on traditional cuisine, the exacting criteria placed on a dishs nutritional value, and the strong tension on the visual appeal of each dish. * Location and Pricing. The Groups restaurants are located in top-notch office buildin gs in key cities.Meals are also expensively priced to cover costs, but because of the brands reputation and image, consumers are willing to pay the high prices. This combination of high-end location and high pricing were subservient in developing the upper-middle class brand image. * Interior decoration and ambience. Each South Beauty restaurant had a different decor, designed by well-known artists in the field. It is Zhang Lans belief that people should come to the restaurant not only for the food but also for the ambience. * IT applications. Advanced IT applications enhanced the image of the restaurant and improve faculty.For example, the Group built its own CRM musical arrangement to record customer information and use that information to provide tailor- do services and make promotional communications. These IT applications give the Group an edge because they are quite innovative for the traditional Chinese catering industry as most restaurants rebriny act to their old ship way of operating their businesses. * People management. Zhang Lang was a firm believer that a dedicated workforce could overcome challenges pertaining to financial capital and market potential, so the Group strove to apply performance management techniques with regard to the management team.It also worked with a consulting firm to design a new people management system to motivate the staff. The group also initiated a large-scale training program for the staff. * Synergies. The use of the companys central management to achieve synergies has caused the South Beauty Group to develop functional management expertise at its principal sum office with a view to coordinating the management of its restaurants, all of this helps brainstorm ways to differentiate the Group from its competitors to capture market make do. * Expansion. South Beauty Group is not only looking to expand further in China ut is also looking for an international presence. * Right target group. Because of the booming ec onomy in China, the business meals had more potential than the other segments because they could absorb higher prices. These business-people were not satisfied with simple eating and drinking- they required more in terms of the restaurants environment or ambiance. These businesspeople are the target consumers of the South Beauty Group.* Leader in the niche market of high-end Chinese dinner South Beautys share was more than 7%Weaknesses * Ranking in the high-end Chinese dinner segment. Among the top 100 restaurant companies in China in 2007, 10 were in this segment, with the leader being Shanghai Jingiang (ranked 4) and Beijing Shunfeng (Ranked 18). South Beautys ranking was 72. * Poor diversity on types of cuisine. The high-ranked competitors rivet on various Chinese cuisines, but South Beauty only focused on Sichuan cuisine, so it could not compete with these restaurants in terms of cuisine. * Fake Restaurants and inability to protect its brand.The most crucial issue for South Bea uty was that of restaurants claiming to be South Beauty franchisees. In 2005, there were at least 16 fake restaurants in cities South Beauty has not penetrated. The imposters used the same Chinese name as South Beauty with one or two additional Chinese characters to attract innocent customers and provided them with poor service and atmosphere. The unhappy customers however, complained to the material South Beauty. This hurts the brand image and reputation of the Group. * Authenticity of Sichuan food.In cities with higher incomes (where South Beautys target customers are mainly located), consumers had more choices of restaurants and made selections based on word of mouth. 63 percent of consumers obtained restaurant information from word-of-mouth publicity, so while a restaurant review web site state that South Beauty promoted Refined or Improved Sichuan Food, in other places, such as Chengdu, the birth place of Sichuan food, customers were of the opinion that the Sichuan food offer ed by South Beauty was not as spicy as the original cuisine.Other did not view South Beauty as a genuine Sichuan food restaurant. If consumers were looking for authentic Sichuan food, after hearing these opinions on the street, they were more likely to pick another restaurant. * Inability to do things in a standardized way to cut down costs and improve efficiency. The management team did not terminate their efforts to improve the Groups operational efficiency through standardization, which was also the foundation for scaling up. * Minimal market share in the Chinese Restaurant Market.The market share in South Beauty in the bestow industry was less than 0. 1 percent. Opportunities * Expansion. The Group is seeking to expand its operations from the existing 20 restaurants in China to a total of 100 worldwide (35 in China and 65 in the international market) over the next three years. * Standardization. The standardization of the process of preparing the dishes is a big hazard to inc rease efficiency and quality. * Entry into new businesses. The Group wants to diversify into business of partially cooked frozen foods for retail outlets and airline catering. The Groups market share in the Chinese dinner category was an estimated 2 percent in 2006. There is great to room to increase this market share. * Ability to invest heavily in various elements, interior decorating being one of them. No competitor is able to invest so heavily. * Cuisine diversity. South Beauty only offers Sichuan cuisine. opus a typical Chinese restaurant offers one or two cuisines, expanding into more than 2 different cuisines could give the Group a source of differentiation. * seemly an international brand.According to Zhang Lan () Now is the time to expand. We have met success in China, and now we wish to build an international brand, which will have a presence in New York, Paris, London, Milan, Geneva, Tokyo and other important international cities of the world. it is projected that th e Group will have 30 restaurants in short term and 100 outlets in the next three years, of which 35 restaurants would be located in China and 65 in the international market in cooperation with strategic partners in Tokyo, New York, and other cities.Threats * Some competitors of South Beauty have been able to overcome the obstacle of production and prepare Chinese dishes in a standardized way faster than South Beauty, so they are able to cut down costs and realize bigger profits. * Belief among certain consumers that the Sichuan food that South Beauty serves is not authentic because this can cause consumers to search for more authentic options in competitors. * Fake South Beauty restaurants.They make the brand look bad and downsize the brands reputation and positioning. * With such large ideas for expansion, if the capital needed is not raised, this could pose a threat not only for future expansion but also for future growth in China. * Operational efficiency that needs to improve th e management team did not halt their efforts to improve the Groups operational efficiency through standardization, which was also the foundation for scaling up. Each South Beauty restaurant carried 380 items on the main menu.Raw materials depended on local suppliers, and the quality of each dish relied on the experience of the chef. Although there was a team with three main chefs at the head office to develop new dishes and control the quality, the process of standardization is still in its beginning phase. If standardization is not achieved soon, the Group may lose some of its market share to competitors that do achieve it soon because they will be able to cut down costs that will translate into cheaper prices.

Database Design And Development For Petcare Veterinary Computer Science Essay

Database Design And Development For Petc are Veterinary Computer Science EssayDraw an Entity race Data reproduction that describes the content and structure of data held by PetCare. Specify the cardinality ratio and participation constraint of totally(prenominal) family relationship type.Database Development ProcessThe work is divided into quatern main stages requirements elicitation, conceptual modeling, dianoetic modeling and physical modelling. The techniques used in the development process naturally divide into three categories those concerned modelling, those concerned with pellucid modelling and those concerned with physical modelling.Figure 1 the database development processRequirements triggerRequirements elicitation involves establishing the mainstay technical requirements for a database arranging usually done formal and informal interaction between developers and organizational stake devoteers such as exploiters. It provides the structure of data needed and t he use of the data in some info system context.Stakeholder identification and participationOne of the first base things that must be done in any information systems project is to come upon the relevant stakeholders. A stakeholders group is any social group within and without the organization that potentially may influence the successful use and impact of the database system.Veterinary doctor enforce the database to for managing give-and-take information of fondlestave keep track of animal and escortRegulators National and regional government may need to audit the databaseRequirements Elicitation and requirements specificationRequirements elicitation is the precursor to requirements specification. In terms of a system to manage Petcare, the following is a list of proposed requirements for systemThe database should be capable of keep the following transaction occasion and maintain come ins recording the expatiate of Petcare Pets clinics and the members of staff at each cl inic.Create and maintain records recording the expatiate of deary owners.Create and maintain the details of dearys.Create and maintain records recording the details of the types of treatments for pets.Create and maintain records recording the details of examinations and treatments given to pets.Create and maintain records recording the details of bank notes to pet owners for treatment to their pets.Create and maintain pet owner/pet try-ons at each clinic.Data requirementsPetCare vet surgeryPetcare has six medium size veterinary surgery clinics crosswise London. The details of each clinic include address of branch, telephone sum, opening hours and emergency contact telephone number. Assuming that each clinic has a number of staff for example vets, nurses, secretaries and cleaners.StaffThe details stored on each member of staff include the staff name, address, home telephone number and quick telephone number.Pet ownersWhen a pet owner first contacts a clinic of Petcare the det ails of the pet owner are recorded, which include name, address, home telephone number and mobile telephone number.PetsThe details of the pet requiring treatment are noned, which include a put number, type of pet, age and sex.ExaminationsWhen a sick pet is brought to a clinic, the vet on duty examines the pet. The details of each examination are recorded and include an examination number, the date and time of the examination, the name of the vet, the pet number, pet name, and type of pet, and a rise description of the outcome of the examination results.Petcare provides various treatments for all types of pets. The details of each treatment include a treatment number, full description of the treatment, and the cost to the pet owner. Based on the result of the examination of a sick pet, the vet may propose one or to a greater extent types of treatment. For each types of treatment, the information recorded includes the examination number and date.InvoicesThe pet owner is responsible for the cost of the treatment given to a pet. The owner is invoiced for the treatment arising from each examination, and the details recorded on the invoice include the invoice number, invoice date, owner number, owner name and full address, put number, put name, and details of the treatment given. The invoice provides the cost for each type of treatment and total cost of all treatments given to the pet. Additional data is also recorded on the honorarium for example cash, credit card or check. appellationsIf the pet requires to be seen by the vet at later date, the owner and pet are given an appointment. The details of an appointment are recorded and include an appointment number, owner name, date and time.Using the logical database design methodologyEntity- family modeling is a top-down appeal to database design. We begin ER modeling by identifying the important data (called entities) and relationships between the data that must be represented in the model. We then add much deta ils such as the information we want to hold about the entities and relationships (called attributes) and any constraints on the entities, relationships, and attributes. commit entitiesIdentify entitiesA set of objects with the same properties, which are identified by a user or organization as having an independent existenceThe first step in logical database design is to identify entity that you have to represent in the database.Entity nameDescriptionOccurrenceClinicVeterinary clinicsOne or more Petcare clinics located finishedout LondonStaff commonplace term describing all staff employed by PetcareEach member of staff works at a particular clinicPetOwnerOwners of pets taken to PetcareOwner takes his/her pet to a particular clinicPetSick animal seek treatment to the clinicOne or more animal are taken to the clinicExamination treatmentInvoice assigningPetTreatmentAttributesThe particular properties of entities are called attributes. Attributes represent what we want to k instantaneo usly about entities.Single-Valued attributesThe majority of attributes are genius-valued for a particular entity. For example, each occurrence of the Staff entity has a single value for the staffNo attribute (for example,001), and therefore the staffNo attribute is referred to as being single-valued.Derived attributesAn attributes that represents a value that is derivable from the value of a related attributes, or set of attributes, no necessarily in the same entity.Some attributes may be related for a particular entity. For example, the age of a pet is derivable form the date of consanguinity (DOB) attribute, and therefore the age and DOB attributes are related. We refer the age attributes as a derived attributes, the value of which is derived from the DOB attribute.Age is not usually stored in a database because it would have to be updated regularly. On the other hand, as date of birth never changes and age tidy sum be derived from date of , date of birth is stored instead, an d age is derived from DOB attribute, when needed.Identify relationshipsHaving identifies the entities next step is to identify all the relationships that exist between these entities. A relationship is a set of associations between participating entities. As with entities, each association should be erraticly identifiable within the set. A uniquely identifiable associations is called a relationships occurrenceClinic RelationshipsEntityRelationshipEntityClinicHasVeterinaryRegistersPetSchedules accommodationIsContactedByPetOwnerVeterinary RelationshipsEntityRelationshipEntityVeterinaryPerformsExaminationPet Owner RelationshipsEntityRelationshipEntityPetOwnerOwnsPetPaysInvoiceAttendsAppointmentPet RelationshipsEntityRelationshipEntityPetUndergoesExaminationAttendsAppointmentCardinality Ratio of PetCare databaseCardinality or degree concerns the number of instances involved in a relationship. A relationship can be said to be either a 11 (one-to-one) relationship, a 1 M (one-to-many) re lationship, or an M N (many-to-many) relationship.Final Clinic relationshipsEntityCardinalityRelationshipCardinalityEntityClinic1..1Has1..MStaff1..MRegisters1..MPet1..1Schedules1MAppointment1..1IsContactedBy1..MPetOwnerFinal Veterinary RelationshipsEntityCardinalityRelationshipCardinalityEntityVeterinary1..1Performs1..MExaminationFinal Pet Owner RelationshipsEntityCardinalityRelationshipCardinalityEntityPetOwner1..1Owns1..MPet1..1Pays1..MInvoice1..1Attends1..MAppointmentFinal Pet RelationshipsEntityCardinalityRelationshipCardinalityEntityPet1..1Undergoes1..MExamination1..1Attends1..MAppointmentFirst draft Entity Relationship Data ModelSecond draft Entity Relationship Data ModelFinal Entity Relationship Data ModelTask 2 NormalizationNormalization is a technique for producing a set of card with desirable properties that support the requirements of a user or company. There are several normal forms, although the most ones are called first normal form (1NF), second normal form (2NF), an d third normal form (3NF). All these normal forms are based on rules about relationships among the columns of a table.First normal forms (1NF)Only first normal form (1NF) is slender in creating appropriate tables for relational databases. All the subsequence normal forms are optional. A table in which the intersection of every column and record contains precisely(prenominal) one valueClinic (clinicNo, address, city, state, zipcode,telNo, faxNo, opeingHour)Primary Key clinicNoAlternate Key zipCodeAlternate Key telNoAlternate Key faxNoAlternate Key opeingHourclinicNoaddresstelNoopeningHourC001Enfield503-555-3618, 503-555-2727, 503-555-65349.00-21-00C002Islington206-555-6756, 206-555-88369.00-21-00C003Hackney212-371-30009.00-21-00C004Holloway206-555-3131, 206-555-41129.00-21-00C005Chingford85023339.00-21-00C006Leyton46500009.00-21-00This adjustment of the Clinic table is not in 1NFMore than one value, so not in 1NFConverting to 1NFTo convert this version of the Clinic table to 1NF, we give rise separate table called ClinicTelephone to hold the telephone number of clinics, by removing the tellNo column from the Clinic table along with a copy of the primary quill call of the Clinic table. The primary advert for the new ClinicTelephone table is now the telNo column. The Clinic and ClinicTelephone table are in 1 NF as there is a single value at the intersection of every column with every record for each tableClinic (Not 1NF)clinicNoaddresstelNoopeningHourC001Enfield503-555-3618, 503-555-2727, 503-555-65349.00-21-00C002Islington206-555-6756, 206-555-88369.00-21-00C003Hackney212-371-30009.00-21-00C004Holloway206-555-3131, 206-555-41129.00-21-00C005Chingford85023339.00-21-00C006Leyton46500009.00-21-00 take out telNo column and create a new column called telNo in the new tableTake copy of clinicNo column to new table to become contradictory mainstayClinicTelephone (1NF)clinicNotelNoC001503-555-3618C001503-555-2727C001503-555-6534C002206-555-6756C002206-555-8836 C003212-371-3000C004206-555-3131C004206-555-4112C0058502333C0064650000Clinic (1NF)clinicNoaddressopeningHourC001Enfield9.00-21-00C002Islington9.00-21-00C003Hackney9.00-21-00C004Holloway9.00-21-00C005Chingford9.00-21-00C006Leyton9.00-21-00Second normal form (2NF)Second normal form applies only to tables with composite primary keys that are table with a primary key composed of two or more columns. A 1NF table with a single column primary key is automatically in at least 2NF. A table that is not in 2NF may suffer from update anomalies. A table that is already in 1NF and which the determine in each non-primary-key column can be worked out from determine in all columns that confine up the primary key.Third normal form (3NF)Although 2NF table have less redundancy that table in 1 NF, they may still suffer from update anomalies. A table that is already in 1NF and 2NF, and in which the values in all non-primary key columns can be worked out from only the primary key column and no other co lumns.staffNonamelastName profitsclinicNoclinicAddresstelNoS001TomAdams25000C001Enfield5035553618S002SallyDaniels35222C001Enfield5035553618S003MaryChin5200C002Islington206555675S004SallyStern5000C002Islington206555S005ArtPeters45822C003Hackney8502333S006TommyVerciti65000C004Holloway4650000Values in clinicNo and clinicAddress columns can be worked out from telNo, so table not in 3NFValues in clinicNo and telNo columns can be worked out from clinicAddress, so table not in 3NFValues in all non-primary-key columns can be worked out from the primary key, staffNoValues in clinicAddress and telNo columns can be worked out from clinicNo, so table not in 3NFstaffNonamelastNamesalaryclinicNoclinicAddresstelNoStaffClinic (Not 3NF)staffNonamelastNamesalaryclinicNoclinicAddresstelNoS001TomAdams25000C001Enfield5035553618S002SallyDaniels35222C001Enfield5035553618S003MaryChin5200C002Islington206555675S004SallyStern5000C002Islington206555S005ArtPeters45822C003Hackney8502333S006TommyVerciti65000C004H olloway4650000 live on column to new tableTake copy of clinicNo column to new table to become primary keyClinic (3NF)clinicNoclinicAddresstelNoC001Enfield5035553618C001Enfield5035553618C002Islington206555675C002Islington206555C003Hackney8502333C004Holloway4650000Staff (3NF)staffNonamelastNamesalaryclinicNoS001TomAdams25000C001S002SallyDaniels35222C001S003MaryChin5200C002S004SallyStern5000C002S005ArtPeters45822C003S006TommyVerciti65000C004Primary keyBecomes contrasted keyBecomes candidate keyBecomes primary keyTask 3Using a Database Management System (DBMS) of your choice, set up all the above normalized tables, and populate them with well-designed test data (minimum 5 records per table). Provides printouts of all tables.Reasonable assumption may be made with regard to dataClinic Tablecreate table clinic(clinicNO int not null primary key,telNo varchar(255),address varchar(255),) qualify table clinicadd clinicName varchar (255)alter table clinicadd openingHour varchar(255)alter table clinicadd eTelNo varchar (255) lay in into clinicvalues (01,2863015,Darwin Avenue,8.00-21.00,2863000,Enfield) inject into clinicvalues (02,4650001,John David Avenue,8.00-21.00,2868000,Islington) stick in into clinicvalues (03,4278926,King Arthur Avenue,8.00-21.00,2867000,Hackney) get in into clinicvalues (04,2682365,Paul Mac Avenue,8.00-21.00,2866000,Holloway) enclose into clinicvalues (05,4682685,James Micheal Avenue,8.00-21.00,2865000,Chingford)insert into clinicvalues (06,2863015,Benaoit Frank Avenue,8.00-21.00,2864000,Leyton)Pet ownercreate table petowner(ownerID int not null primary key,oFName varchar (255),oLName varchar (255),clinicNo int distant key references clinic (clinicNo))alter table petowneradd addres varchar(255)alter table petowneradd hTelNo varchar(255)alter table petowneradd mTelNo varchar (255)insert into petownervalues (01,Marvin,Hemraj,1,Edith Cavel Str,2106584,758956)insert into petownervalues (02,Ramjeet,Lavin,2,Avenue Gonin,2564589,7585695)insert into peto wnervalues (03,Arzeena,Bakarkhan,3,Gorgetown Str,2106584,758956)insert into petownervalues (04,Chetan,Sing,4,Jackson Road,2458695,7582658)insert into petownervalues (05,Hansley,Nowjee,5,15 Ollier Avenue,2565458,7589562)insert into petownervalues (06,Sam,Fisher,6,Leess Street,26584585,75895623)Pet Tablecreate table pet(petNo int not null primary key,type varchar (255),breed varchar (255),sex varchar (255),dob varchar (255))alter table petadd clinicNo int foreign key references clinic (clinicNo)alter table petadd ownerid int foreign key references petOwner (ownerid)alter table petadd petName varchar (255)insert into petvalues (01,Dog,Terroer,Male,1 Jan 2004,01,01,Wouf)insert into petvalues (02,Dog,Poodle,Female,2 Feb 2005,02,02,Snoopy)insert into petvalues (03,Cat,Persian,Male,3 March 2006,03,03,Minous)insert into petvalues (04,Cat,Siamese,Female,4 April 2007,04,04,Milous)insert into petvalues (05,Rabit,Dwarf,male,5 May 2008,05,05,Lapino)insert into petvalues (06,Cat,Siamese,Female,4 June 2009,06,06,Lapinas)Examination Tablecreate table examination(examNo int not null primary key )alter table examinationadd veterinaryId int foreign key references veterinary (veterinaryId)alter table examinationadd petNo int foreign key references pet (petNo)alter table examinationadd presDrugType varchar (255),presPeriod varchar (255)insert into examinationvalues (1,1,Anti-biotic,15,01)insert into examinationvalues (2,2,Painkiller,14,02)insert into examinationvalues (3,3,Behaviour modification,13,03)insert into examinationvalues (4,4,Ear medication,12,04)insert into examinationvalues (5,5,Skin medication,15,05)insert into examinationvalues (6,6,Painkiller,10,06)Appointment Tablecreate table appointment(appNo int not null primary key,aDate varchar (255),aTime varchar (255),petNo int foreign key references pet (petNo),ownerID int foreign key references petowner (ownerID),veterinaryId int foreign key references veterinary (veterinaryId))alter table appointmentadd clinicNO int forei gn key references clinic (clinicNO)alter table appointmentalter column aDate dateinsert into appointmentvalues (01,2 October 2010,10.00,1,1,1,1)insert into appointmentvalues (02,3 November 2009,10.35,2,2,2,2)insert into appointmentvalues (03,4 December 2009,13.00,3,3,3,3)insert into appointmentvalues (04,5 January 2010,15.00,4,4,4,4)insert into appointmentvalues (05,6 Feb 2010,18.00,5,5,5,5)insert into appointmentvalues (06,7 March 2010,9.00,6,6,6,6)Invoice Tablecreate table invoice(invoiceNo int not null primary key,ownerid int foreign key references petowner (ownerid),amt int)alter table invoiceadd examNo int foreign key references examination (examNo)insert into invoicevalues (01,01,500,1)insert into invoicevalues (02,02,2000,2)insert into invoicevalues (03,03,400,3)insert into invoicevalues (04,04,300,4)insert into invoicevalues (05,05,1500,5)insert into invoicevalues (06,06,750,6)Veterinary Tablecreate table veterinary(veterinaryId int not null primary key,name varchar (255),Ad dress varchar(255),hTelNo varchar(255),mTelNo varchar(255),clinicBranch varchar (255),specialise varchar(255))select * from veterinaryalter table veterinaryadd spspecialise varchar(255)alter table veterinarydrop column clinicBranchalter table veterinaryadd clinicNo int foreign key references clinic (clinicNo)insert into veterinaryvalues (01,Jean,High Street Way 43,6358264,7595865,1,dog)insert into veterinaryvalues (02,Robbin,Lower Downtown 2,6582354,7362548,2,cat)insert into veterinaryvalues (03,Ricky,Market Ville Road,4582356,7586523,3,rabit)insert into veterinaryvalues (04,Rowan,Little China Road2,4582653,7263158,4,dog)insert into veterinaryvalues (05,Laksh,Havana Roadway,8596564,7236458,5,rabit)insert into veterinaryvalues (06,Hans,Talipos Road,4625687,7859584,6,cat)Task 4Set-up and test all of the following queries using Structured interrogate Language (SQL). Provide printouts of SQL code for each query and the output produced when you run the query in the database you have dev eloped.Query caput 1Display the names and address of the branches of Petcare and the name of all veterinary doctors working at each of the branches. Any specialism (s) of the veterinary doctors should also show.Using SQL CodeSELECT clinic.clinicName AS Branches Name, clinic.address AS Branches Address, veterinary.name AS Veterinary Doctor Name,veterinary.specialise AS Veterinary SpecialismFROM clinic INNER JOINveterinary ON clinic.clinicNO = veterinary.clinicNoThe ResultUsing Query DesignerThe ResultQuery Question 2Display all the appointments for the whole of the Petcare organization. This should be ordered by date. The result should display the branch the appointment is at, the name of the veterinary doctor the appointment is with, the date and time of the appointment, the name of the animal the appointment is for, the type of animal and the breed of the animal.Using SQL codeSELECT clinic.clinicName AS Branches Name, veterinary.name AS Veterinary Doctor Name, appointment.aDate A S Appointment Date,appointment.aTime AS Appointment Time, pet.petName AS Pet Name, pet.type AS Pet Type, pet.breed AS Pet BreedFROM appointment INNER JOINclinic ON appointment.clinicNO = clinic.clinicNO INNER JOINveterinary ON appointment.veterinaryId = veterinary.veterinaryId AND clinic.clinicNO = veterinary.clinicNo INNER JOINpet ON appointment.petNo = pet.petNo AND clinic.clinicNO = pet.clinicNoORDER BY Appointment DateThe ResultUsing Query DesignerThe ResultTask 5Explain any assumptions you have made when analyzing, conniving and implementing the above database, justify the approach you have taken and explain any alternative approaches you could have taken to any of the above tasks. Discuss any changes you would make to improve your work.Determine candidate, primary and alternate key attributesThis step is concerned with identifying the candidate key for an entity and then selecting one to be the primary key. In the process of identifying primary keys, note whether an entity is strong or weak.In trying to identify candidate keys, I observe that the clinic number for the Clinic entity, the veterinary number for the veterinary entity, the invoice number for the Invoice entity are unique for the entire practice. On the other hand, the owner number for the PetOwner entity, the pet number for the Pet entity, are only unique for a particular clinic. Its not uncommon for a company to give different offices a degree of local autonomy. However, in a centralized database system its sometimes more appropriate to have uniqueness throughout the company. In discussion with the PetCare management, its agreed that all numbers should be allocated across the entire practice, as opposed to each branches. If this had not been the decision, it would have been necessary to add the clinic number to those numbers only unique within each clinic to gain uniqueness across the practice. With this in mind, I have now identify the primary keys and foreign key.Check model for redundanc yAt this point, I have a logical data model for Petcare. However, the data model may contain some redundancy which should be removed. More specically, I have to(1) Re-examine one-to-one (11) relationships.(2) Remove pleonastic relationships.(3) One-to-one (11) relationshipsRedundant relationshipsThere are a number of relationships between PetOwner, Pet, Clinic, and Appointment, and a closer examination is useful to identify any redundant relationships. First of all, note that the PetOwner/Pet entities have mandatory participation in the POAttends/PAttends/Owns relationships, and that a PetOwner may own many pets. Therefore, for any given Appointment we can identify the Owner through the POAttends relationship, but we cannot then identify the Pet through the Owns relationship. However, for any given Appointment, we can identify the Pet through the PAttends relationship and for any given Pet we can identify the PetOwner through the Owns relationship, which suggests that the POAttends relationship is redundant. In a similar way, through the PAttends relationship we can identify the Pet, and through the Registers relationship we can identify the Clinic involved in the Appointment, which suggests the Schedules relationship is also redundant.Note that the IsContactedBy relationship between Clinic and PetOwner also appears to be redundant. However, PetCare notes the details of pet owners when they first make contact and only obtains the details of pets at the first appointment, and so the IsContactedBy relationship is retained.Check business rulesBusiness rules are the constraints that I have inspect in order to protect the database from becoming inconsistent. Of the six types of business rules, four were identified in previous steps and documented in the above. I call back the remaining two here referential integrity and other business rules.Referential integrityThere are two issues to consider here(1) Identify whether nulls are allowed for the foreign key. In ge neral, if the participation of the child table in the relationship is mandatory, then the strategy is tha